What No One Told You About John Magufuli: A Tanzanian Icon's Life, Legacy, and Tragic End

John Pombe Magufuli, Tanzania's fifth president, dominated the country's political landscape from his election in 2015 until his death in March 2021. While often lauded as a champion of the poor and a fierce anti-corruption crusader, his legacy is far more complex, marred by authoritarian tendencies, a controversial response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and a concerning erosion of democratic norms. This explainer delves beyond the simplified narratives to explore the multifaceted reality of Magufuli's life, his impact on Tanzania, and the lingering questions surrounding his demise.

Who was John Magufuli?

Born in 1959 in Chato District, northwestern Tanzania, Magufuli held a doctorate in chemistry and worked as a teacher before entering politics. He served as a Member of Parliament and held various ministerial portfolios in previous administrations, including Lands, Housing, and Livestock and Fisheries. He was known for his hands-on approach, demanding accountability and efficiency from government officials. This reputation, coupled with his humble beginnings, resonated with many Tanzanians seeking change.

What did Magufuli do as President?

Magufuli’s presidency was characterized by a focus on infrastructure development and tackling corruption. His government invested heavily in projects like the Standard Gauge Railway, intended to connect Tanzania to neighboring countries, and the Julius Nyerere Hydropower Station, a massive dam project aimed at boosting electricity generation. He also launched campaigns to improve tax collection, reduce government spending, and fight corruption. According to a 2017 Afrobarometer survey, 68% of Tanzanians believed the level of corruption had decreased under Magufuli's leadership.

However, his methods were often heavy-handed. He dismissed and prosecuted officials suspected of corruption, sometimes without due process. He also implemented policies that stifled dissent and limited freedom of expression.

When and Where did his Presidency Take Place?

Magufuli served as President of Tanzania from November 2015 until his death in March 2021. His policies and decisions impacted all sectors of Tanzanian society, from the bustling commercial hub of Dar es Salaam to remote rural communities. His influence also extended regionally, as Tanzania plays a significant role in East African affairs.

Why was Magufuli's leadership controversial?

While celebrated for his economic reforms and infrastructure projects, Magufuli's leadership was increasingly criticized for its authoritarian tendencies.

• Erosion of Democracy: Critics point to the suppression of political opposition, restrictions on media freedom, and the manipulation of electoral processes. The 2020 general election, which saw Magufuli secure a landslide victory, was widely condemned by international observers for irregularities and violence. Human Rights Watch reported numerous instances of intimidation, arbitrary arrests, and restrictions on the rights to freedom of expression and assembly.
• COVID-19 Denialism: Perhaps the most globally scrutinized aspect of Magufuli’s presidency was his response to the COVID-19 pandemic. He downplayed the severity of the virus, discouraged mask-wearing and social distancing, and promoted unproven remedies. He declared Tanzania "COVID-free" in June 2020, ceasing to report official data on infections and deaths. This stance drew criticism from the World Health Organization and other international health bodies. Data from neighboring countries suggested that Tanzania was likely experiencing a significant outbreak, despite the official silence.
• Economic Policies: While some economic policies yielded positive results, others faced criticism. For example, the imposition of strict regulations on foreign investment in certain sectors deterred international businesses. His protectionist measures, aimed at promoting local industries, sometimes led to higher prices for consumers.

What were the circumstances surrounding his death?

Magufuli's prolonged absence from public view in early 2021 sparked intense speculation about his health. The government initially remained silent, fueling rumors that he was suffering from COVID-19. On March 17, 2021, Vice President Samia Suluhu Hassan announced that Magufuli had died from heart complications. While the official cause of death was attributed to heart issues, many believe that he succumbed to COVID-19, a theory supported by reports from opposition figures and diplomatic sources.

Historical Context: Tanzania's Political Landscape

To understand Magufuli's rise and impact, it’s important to consider Tanzania's political history. Following independence in 1961, under the leadership of Julius Nyerere, Tanzania adopted a socialist model known as "Ujamaa." While Ujamaa aimed to promote self-reliance and equality, it also led to economic stagnation and political repression. In the 1990s, Tanzania transitioned to a multi-party system, but the ruling Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) party has remained dominant. Magufuli represented a continuation of CCM's dominance, but his populist style and anti-corruption rhetoric set him apart from his predecessors.

Current Developments: Samia Suluhu Hassan's Presidency

Following Magufuli's death, Samia Suluhu Hassan became Tanzania's first female president. She has signaled a shift in policy, particularly regarding COVID-19. She acknowledged the existence of the pandemic and implemented measures to combat its spread, including promoting vaccinations and mask-wearing. She has also taken steps to address concerns about democratic freedoms, engaging in dialogue with opposition leaders and lifting some restrictions on the media.

However, challenges remain. Hassan faces pressure from within the CCM party to maintain continuity with Magufuli's policies. She also needs to address the economic challenges exacerbated by the pandemic and restore Tanzania's international reputation.

Likely Next Steps

• Consolidation of Power: President Hassan will likely focus on consolidating her power within the CCM party and establishing her own political agenda. This may involve reshuffling the cabinet and appointing loyal allies to key positions.
• Economic Recovery: Addressing the economic impact of the pandemic will be a priority. This may involve seeking international assistance, promoting investment, and implementing reforms to improve the business climate.
• Reforms and Reconciliation: Hassan may continue to pursue reforms aimed at strengthening democratic institutions and promoting national reconciliation. This could include reviewing electoral laws, addressing human rights concerns, and engaging in dialogue with civil society organizations.
• COVID-19 Response: The government is expected to continue its efforts to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, including expanding vaccination coverage and promoting public health measures.

John Magufuli's legacy remains a subject of debate. While he is remembered by some as a transformative leader who fought corruption and improved infrastructure, others criticize his authoritarian tendencies and controversial handling of the COVID-19 pandemic. Ultimately, history will judge the full impact of his presidency on Tanzania. President Hassan now has the opportunity to steer Tanzania in a new direction, addressing the challenges of the past and building a more democratic and prosperous future.