Unveiling Northwest Sharks: What Really Happened?

Recent headlines have been dominated by reports of increased shark activity in the Pacific Northwest. Images of sharks near popular beaches, coupled with anecdotal accounts, have fueled public anxiety. But what's really happening? This explainer breaks down the situation, separating fact from fiction and exploring the likely next steps in understanding and managing these apex predators in our waters.

Who: The sharks primarily in question are broadnose sevengill sharks ( *Notorynchus cepedianus*), and to a lesser extent, great white sharks (*Carcharodon carcharias*). Sevengills are relatively common in the region, while great white sightings, though less frequent, are a natural, if somewhat alarming, occurrence. Other species like spiny dogfish are also present but rarely cause concern.

What: The recent increased attention stems from a perceived rise in shark sightings and interactions near coastal areas. These interactions range from casual observations to more concerning instances of sharks approaching boats or exhibiting heightened interest in human activity. While there have been no reported attacks on humans in the Northwest attributed to sharks in recent years, the increased presence sparks understandable worry.

When: The heightened awareness began in the late summer of 2023 and has continued through the summer of 2024. This timeframe coincides with warmer water temperatures and increased recreational activity in coastal areas. Observations are often more frequent during dawn and dusk, periods when sharks are naturally more active hunters.

Where: The reported shark activity is concentrated along the Pacific Northwest coastline, particularly in areas with kelp forests, estuaries, and nearshore waters. Specific locations include Puget Sound in Washington, the Oregon coast, and coastal waters off British Columbia, Canada. These areas provide ideal habitats for both sevengills and, at times, foraging grounds for transient great whites.

Why: Several factors likely contribute to the observed increase in shark activity.

• Warming Waters: Climate change is leading to rising ocean temperatures. A 2023 NOAA report highlighted record-breaking sea surface temperatures along the West Coast. Warmer waters attract prey species, subsequently drawing in predators like sharks.


• Prey Availability: Healthy populations of seals, sea lions, and salmon, which are primary food sources for sharks, can attract them to coastal areas. Conservation efforts have led to rebounding populations of some marine mammals, indirectly influencing shark distribution.


• Migration Patterns: Great white sharks, in particular, are known to migrate long distances. Some individuals may be venturing further north in search of food or due to changing environmental conditions. Tagging data from organizations like the Marine Conservation Science Institute supports this theory, showing some great whites traveling between California and the Pacific Northwest.


• Increased Human Observation: The rise in recreational activities like surfing, kayaking, and paddleboarding increases the likelihood of encountering sharks, even if the shark population itself hasn't dramatically changed. Social media also plays a role, amplifying sightings and creating a heightened sense of awareness.


• Natural Variability: Shark populations and their distribution naturally fluctuate over time. Some years may see more sharks in certain areas than others, due to variations in food availability, ocean currents, and other environmental factors.

Historical Context: While shark encounters in the Pacific Northwest might seem new to some, sharks have always been a part of the ecosystem. Indigenous communities have long coexisted with sharks, respecting their role in the ocean's balance. Historically, shark fishing was practiced by some tribes, but it was typically done sustainably and with reverence.

Reports of great white sharks in the region date back decades, though these were rare events. Sevengill sharks, on the other hand, have always been more common, inhabiting shallow coastal waters and estuaries. What's different now is the combination of factors mentioned above, leading to more frequent and visible encounters.

Current Developments: Scientists and marine conservation organizations are actively monitoring shark populations and behavior in the Pacific Northwest. Efforts include:

• Tagging and Tracking: Researchers are using acoustic and satellite tags to track the movements of sharks, providing valuable data on their migration patterns, habitat use, and feeding behavior. The Pacific Shark Research Center is a key player in these efforts.


• Citizen Science Initiatives: Programs like the "Spot a Shark" initiative encourage the public to report shark sightings, providing a broader understanding of shark distribution.


• Public Education: Organizations are working to educate the public about shark behavior, safety guidelines, and the importance of shark conservation. The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, for example, provides resources on coexisting with sharks.


• Research Studies: Universities and research institutions are conducting studies to assess the impact of climate change and prey availability on shark populations.

Likely Next Steps: The increased attention on Northwest sharks necessitates a proactive and science-based approach. Key steps moving forward include:

• Continued Monitoring and Research: Long-term monitoring programs are crucial for tracking shark populations and identifying trends. Further research is needed to understand the specific factors driving changes in shark behavior and distribution.


• Enhanced Public Education: Targeted education campaigns can help dispel misconceptions about sharks and promote responsible behavior in coastal areas. This includes teaching people how to avoid attracting sharks and what to do if they encounter one.


• Developing Management Strategies: As shark populations evolve, management strategies may need to be adapted. This could include establishing protected areas, regulating fishing practices, and implementing measures to minimize human-shark conflict.


• Collaboration and Communication: Effective management requires collaboration between scientists, government agencies, Indigenous communities, and the public. Open communication and transparency are essential for building trust and fostering a shared understanding of the issue.

The presence of sharks in the Pacific Northwest is a natural part of the marine ecosystem. By understanding their behavior, monitoring their populations, and educating the public, we can coexist safely and ensure the long-term health of these important predators. The key is to move beyond fear and embrace a science-based approach that prioritizes both human safety and shark conservation. The future will depend on continued research and community engagement.